Subsequently, we show that the confusion surrounding the circular economy is more far reaching. Having established this background knowledge, we give insights into ‘how far we are’ globally, with respect to the implementation of circularity, arguing that high levels of circularity have already been reached in different parts of the globe with regard to longer loop value retention options, such as energy recovery and recycling. We propose to distinguish three phases in the evolution of the circular economy and argue that the concept – in its dominant framing – is not as new as frequently claimed. Initially, we take a focus on the historical development of the concept of circular economy and value retention options (ROs) for products and materials aiming for increased circularity. With this article we attempt at contributing to advanced clarity in the field and providing a heuristic that is useful in practice. The ‘revival’ of the circular economy has been accompanied by controversies and confusions across different actors in science and practice. Over the last decade, the concept of the circular economy has regained attention, especially related to efforts to achieve a more sustainable society.

Victoria 2 planned economy